To evaluate pain responses Diosmin to intratesticular and subscrotal injection of three local anaesthetics and their efficacy during castration a randomized controlled study was conducted.In groups of 20 piglets, procaine (2%), lidocaine (2%), or mepivacaine (2%) were administered subscrotal and intratesticularly in two different dosages: 0.5 mL of the original substances or the maximum recommended dosage according to body weight diluted with isotonic saline to a volume of 0.
3 mL per each injection site.Two placebo groups received the equivalent volume of isotonic saline.A control group was injected intramuscularly with 0.
5 mL isotonic saline for injection pain comparison.Electroencephalographic changes, respiratory rate, heart rate and its variability, blood pressure, and nocifensive movements were assessed in superficial isoflurane anaesthesia.While EEG-changes and linear measures of heart rate variability did not appear conclusive, the low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio corresponded best with the other pain indicators recorded.
The injection of 0.3 mL diluted local anaesthetic per injection site elicited Plein air - Femme - Chaussures - Bottes significant fewer signs of pain compared to intramuscular injection of saline.However, pain reduction, but not complete pain elimination, during castration could only be achieved with 0.
5 mL of the 2% local anaesthetics per injection site, whereby lidocaine and mepivacaine were the most effective.